字神帝國英語天地

♞【GMAT語法平行結構】是GMAT語法考題一大重要知識點，若考生能夠對這些問題有足夠的掌握，便能在考試中取得較優異的成績。今天我們就來複習這些關係及常見的考點吧！～

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♞【1】對平行標誌詞要敏感，注意未劃線部分的平行結構
看到and, but, or, yet就要想到平行，根據語義判斷：
(1) items平行，以及結構平行；
(2) 兩個主詞平行(完整的主動詞結構)有的句子會出現大平行套小平行，要分清楚邏輯層次
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♞【2】and、or以及as well as的含義
(1) And連接的 items地位平等，這幾個item之間並無關聯，沒有聯繫。他們的發生或是先後發生，或是各自獨立發生。you have a SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, so they should be PARALLEL.
例：I want to know whether you drink and study(這是我想知道的兩件事情)
The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeps 15 hours a day, and moves infrequently enough.(各自沒有關係，獨立發生)
而The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving infrequently enough。就表示了這些動作之間是有關係的!
(2) or的含義：Stress, alcohol and rich foods identifies the combination of these three factors as a suggested cause of stomach ulcers, whereas stress, alcohol, or rich foods offers three individual possibilities.
(3) as well as的意義：this phrase explains that the essay served as both a critique of previous chemistry and a vision of a new kind of chemistry. (OG解釋)
PREP07，p2.90.本句使用了這樣一種基本句型：A did one thing, as well as doing another thing.這種句型屬於 as well as 的一種使用方法，朗文給出的例句為：The organization gives help and support to people in need,as well as raising money for local charities.
as well as doing something 位於逗號後，對主詞的謂語動作做出補充，為正確的習語結構
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♞【3】not only....but also....、but/but also、not....but....的運用
做題的時候要弄清楚句子的意思是遞進還是轉折，如果是遞進not only...but also 沒問題,如果是轉折的話,就要考慮一下是否是GMAT的陷阱了, but/but also才是表示轉折的意思.
Not....but....結構：The structure of this sentence expresses negation and affirmation: Many experts regarded X not as a sign that Y, but as a sign of Z.

(1) 在正常語序中: not only … but also.... 應連接兩個相對稱的並列成分。例如：Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. (連接兩個主語)
I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. (連接兩個動詞)
He plays not only the piano but also the violin. (連接兩個受詞)
在正常語序中: 短語本身不可以加入其它成份，比如變成：not only...but it also...是錯誤的(因為破壞了平衡)。

(2) not only … but also 連接兩個片語時，動詞要和與其最近的主詞保持人稱和數的一致。例如：
Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.

(3) not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如：
誤： They don't fear not only hardship but also death.
正： They fear neither hardship nor death.
正： They don't fear either hardship or death.

(4) not only … but also 連接兩個分句，並且 not only 位於句首時，第一個分句中的主語和動詞要部分倒裝。例如：
Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.
這裡附上ring_cheng的觀點:倒裝時可以在片語中插入某類成分，如：not only did sb do sth, but sb also did sth (之所以前後都加入主詞，不是為了連接主詞，而是為了句子的對仗工整而補足主詞，連接的其實是主詞的兩個不同的動作。又因為not only在句首已經倒裝過了，所以but also用正常語序即可。依然滿足句子平衡的要求).
not only…but also…的變體總結 -- aeoluseros
1. not only … but also …並不總是這麼對稱、完整地出現地，以下幾種變體也為GMAT所接受：
(1) not only … but …
(2) not only … also…
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♞【4】While在表示轉折對比時，有兩件events同時發生的含義。While做時間副詞也是at the same time(當……時候)修飾主句的動作。
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♞【5】(1) 另外單個neither的用法：
They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.
They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.
(2) run-on sentence的重點在於其改正方法：
1>用一個逗號加上and, but, or或者其他並列連詞
2>兩個句子中間使用分號

句子完整結構 (結合前面提到的run-on)
1) S+V1+O1 and V2+O2.是很常見的結構. and之後的主語是S, 可是被省了.
2) S+V1+O1, and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 也是很常見的結構.一般在and之後用pronoun指代S作主詞是因為and跟S的距離太遠.
3) 對於S+V1+O1, and V2+O2.結構，and前並不經常補出逗號，通常and前補出逗號是因為前面是插入語一定需要逗號，或者是為了讓句子結構更為清晰，比如前面是形容詞子句，防止第二個動詞V2與形容詞子句中的動詞並列；又比如本題的C選項加了逗號，the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used：used和pulled自己獨自成為平行，兩者組成的小團體又和前面的is平行，如果都連著寫，那麼會給讀者一個is和used平行的印象(雖然我們並不一定會那麼讀，但是加了逗號更為清晰了)。
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♞【6】also的問題，注意的小點
(1)"X and Y" is normally used to indicate TWO DIFFERENT things. (if you said "the first woman and the first Swedish writer", without the "also", that would normally imply 2 different people)
(2)"X and also Y" is normally used to bestow two descriptions on the SAME person or thing (notice that both of these descriptions are meant to describe Selma Lagerlof).
(3)Also接在both....and....的句型中一定錯