今日主題：自我認知：孤獨是否存在于你的基因中 / Is loneliness in our genes?
凱妃老師&派老師共同推薦：雅思聽力最好的課外教材：BBC康康精選雅思會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!
建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。
#BBC 六分鐘英語 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/1063.mp3
只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，
康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：
中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m Sophie…
大家好，歡迎收聽六分鐘英語，我是蘇菲。
And I’m Neil.
我是尼爾。
How was your weekend, Neil?
尼爾，週末過得怎麼樣？
Well, not great – I hadn’t got anything planned, so I didn’t see anyone for two days. And to be honest, I felt very lonely! There was a real physical feeling in the pit of my stomach.
不太好，我沒有做任何計畫，所以這兩天也沒有見任何人。老實說，我感到非常孤獨！有一種真實的感覺在我胃裡翻滾。
Poor Neil! You do sound really down in the dumps, and that means unhappy! Well, the subject of today’s show is loneliness. And loneliness is sometimes described as a social pain – a pain that tells us that we’re isolated – or lacking contact with others– which motivates us to seek out companionship.
可憐的尼爾！你聽起來確實情緒很低落，也就是不開心。好吧，今天節目的主題就是孤獨。孤獨有時被描述為一種社交痛苦，這種痛苦告訴我們，我們是孤立的，缺乏與他人的交流。這會刺激我們尋求陪伴。
I’d no idea that feeling lonely had a biological explanation! How does being sociable help us, as a species, then, Sophie?
我不知道孤獨還會有生物學上的解釋！作為人類，社交如何幫助我們呢？
It’s all about cooperation – or working together to get something done – for example, finding food.
和合作有關，或者說一起努力做成某件事，如尋找食物。
Well, I suppose I cooperated with the pizza delivery guy for a shared outcome.
我覺得我和送披薩的小哥合作得很好，共用成果。
You paid him and he gave you the pizza?
你付給他錢，然後他給你披薩？
Exactly. But it wasn’t a socially enriching experience.That’s the bad thing about London – you can feel lonely, even surrounded with people.It isn’t easy to meet people you really like – so often you might as well just on your own.
沒錯。但這不是很豐富的社交經歷。在倫敦就是這點不好，即便身邊都是人，你還是會感到孤獨。很難遇到你真正喜歡的人，所以大多數時候最好還是自己和自己相處。
Good point. And I have a question about cities and living alone, Neil, because it’s on the rise. Which country has the highest proportion of people living on their own? Is it …a) the US? b) Japan? Or c) Sweden?
說的不錯。我有一個問題，關於城市和獨居，因為獨居情況正在增加。哪一個城市擁有比例最高的獨居人口？a) 美國？b) 日本？還是c) 瑞典？
Well, I’m going to guess b) Japan.
我猜是b) 日本。
OK, we’ll see if you got that right later on in the show. So, getting back to loneliness – the idea is that because it makes us feel bad, it motivates us to go out and meet people. Some people are more likely to feel lonely than others because our genes play a role in this tendency.
好的，之後再看你回答得是否正確。回到孤獨上來，因為孤獨讓我們感覺很不好，所以它會激勵我們走出去，和人們相處。一些人比其他人更容易感到孤獨，因為我們的基因也會在其中發揮作用。
I wonder if I inherited loneliness genes.
我想我繼承了孤獨的基因。
I don’t know, Neil, but while in some situations being lonely may be a good thing, because it encourages you to be sociable, in other situations it may be useful to tolerate – or put up with – loneliness. Let’s listen to Professor Dorret Boomsma at the Vrije University in Amsterdam talking about this.
我不知道，但在一些場合，孤獨也許是好事。因為它會鼓勵你去社交，而在其他場合，也許對忍受孤獨很有幫助。我們聽聽阿姆斯特丹自由大學Dorret Boomsma教授的看法。
So the intriguing question is why do genes that influence loneliness still exist? And one explanation is that probably they do not only have negative effects. In some situations it is an advantage to be able to tolerate high levels of loneliness and that is why the genes are maintained in the population.
很多有意思的是，為什麼影響孤獨的基因仍然存在？一個解釋是，因為不僅僅會帶來負面影響。在一些場合，能夠忍受高度的孤獨也是優點。這也是為什麼攜帶孤獨的基因還會存在。
So, inheriting genes for loneliness might not be a bad thing. Why’s that, Neil?
所以繼承孤獨的基因也許不是壞事。為什麼呢？
Because it means you can tolerate being alone for a long time without feeling bad.
因為這意味著你可以忍受長時間的孤獨，不會感到很難受。
Well, that’s an intriguing – or very interesting – idea. But it shows that you probably don’t have those genes, Neil, because you did feel bad at the weekend.
這是一個很有趣的觀點。但這也說明你不具備這些基因，因為週末你感覺很糟糕。
That’s true. And actually, that was despite spending a long time on Facebook, and that’s a form of social contact. But does all the tweeting, messaging, and chatting online that we do make us lonelier, because we’re getting out less and meeting fewer people? Or do virtual connections stop us from feeling lonely?
沒錯。會的。儘管花費很長時間在Facebook上也還是感到孤獨，那也是社交的一種形式。發推特、發短信、線上聊天是不是讓我們更孤獨了？因為我們的外出越來越少，見到的人也越來越少。還是虛擬聯繫讓我們不再感到孤獨？
Those are also intriguing questions.Let’s listen to Professor Eric Klinenberg sociologist at New York University and author of a book about living alone.He talks about this.
這也是個有趣的問題。我們聽聽紐約大學社會學家Eric Klinenberg 教授的看法，他還寫了一本獨居的書。他談到了這些。
We just don’t have great research showing that we are significantly more lonely or isolated today than we were ten or twenty or thirty years ago, which means critics who say that Facebook or the internet or whatever device you carry with you, is making you lonelier and more miserable - they just don’t have that much evidence to back it up.
沒有調查顯示我們比十年前，二十年前或三十年前更更孤獨或更孤僻。這也就是說，那些批評人士所認為的Facebook或網路或整天攜帶的電子裝置，讓你越來越孤獨，越來越悲慘的觀點，實際上是沒有足夠證據支撐的。
So there isn’t enough evidence to back up – or support – the claim that social media is making us feel lonelier.
所以沒有足夠的證據證明，社交媒體讓我們感到更孤獨。
No, there isn’t. OK, now before I give you the answer to today’s quiz question, Neil, did you know that loneliness is contagious?
沒錯，沒有證據。好了，在揭曉今天問題的答案前，你知道孤獨是傳染的嗎？
You mean you can catch it from somebody like a cold?
你是說像感冒一樣，會從別人那裡感染？
Yes. There are environmental factors involved in loneliness too. For example, if somebody you talk to every day is always unfriendly towards you, this makes you statistically more likely to be negative in your interactions with somebody else.
沒錯。環境因素也會造成人們的孤獨感。例如，你每天和一個對你不友好的人交流，這會讓你越來越消極對待與他人的互動。
Well, let’s try and stay friendly towards each other, then, Sophie.You can start by telling me whether I got today’s quiz question right!
所以讓我們試著對每個人友好一些。你可以從告訴我今天回答正確與否開始表達友善。
OK. I asked: which country has the highest proportion of people living on their own? Is it … a) the US, b) Japan or c) Sweden?
好的。我問你：哪一個國家有比例最高的獨居人口？a) 美國, b) 日本，還是 c) 瑞典?
And I said Japan.
我選的是日本。
This is the wrong answer, I’m afraid. It’s actually c) Sweden. Nearly half of all Swedish households are single-occupancy – or for one person. Living alone in Sweden is arguably the norm because it’s so easy – there are many affordable single-occupancy apartments and young Swedes can expect to move into their own apartment once they graduate high-school.
恐怕你回答錯了。正確答案是c) 瑞典。幾乎一半的瑞典人都是獨居。在瑞典獨居像是慣例，因為獨居太容易了，有很多付得起的單身公寓。年輕的瑞典人高中畢業就能搬去自己的公寓。
OK, now let’s hear the words we learned today again, Sophie.
好了，現在我們回憶一下今天學到的單詞吧？
Yes, OK. They are:
好的，分別是：
down in the dumps 情緒低落
loneliness 孤獨
isolated 孤立的
cooperation 合作
tolerate 忍受
intriguing 有趣的
back up 支撐
contagious 傳染的
single occupancy 單人入住
Well, that’s the end of this edition of 6 Minute English. Join us again soon! Meanwhile, visit our website: bbclearningenglish.com, where you’ll find guides to grammar, exercises, videos and articles to read and improve your English.
今天的節目就到這裡。我們下次再會！同時，可以登入我們的網站：bbclearningenglish.com查找語法、練習、視頻和文章來進行閱讀，提高自己的英文。
Bye!
再見！
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