字神帝國英語天地

在托福寫作過程中，詞彙使用的貧乏是讓很多初入托福備考學生的一個提分難點。無論怎樣的一篇文章，“認為”就是think;每逢“因為”就是 because，“意識到”就是realize，“想到”就是think of。其實，想要讓自己的文章內容充實，詞彙也並不是唯一的突破點，下面我們就來談談托福寫作多樣化表達策略方法。

◈ 句子多樣性
單調的句式和結構、長度相近的句子使作文呆板單調，缺乏生動性和說服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結構則使作文語言生動，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個方面：

◈ 長短句變換：簡單句、並列句和複合句交替運用
長句準確生動，長於說明推理;短句簡潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動作，表明主旨，總結歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長，在寫作時應根據實際需要，交 替使用簡單句、並列句和複合句，以達到“段間長短不一，全篇句式萬千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恆的新鮮感。

◈ 結構多樣化：我們學過非謂語動詞結構(包括不定式結構和分詞結構)，無動詞結構，分隔結構，比較結構，獨立結構，with複合結構，特殊否定結構，it結 構，平行結構，強調結構，倒裝結構，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非動詞結構，在句中或作主詞、受詞，或作主詞補語、受詞補足語，或作形容詞片語修飾名詞， 或作副詞表示條件、原因、讓步、時間、方式、目的、結果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。

非動詞結構可以簡化大部分英語子句，產生語言簡練，結構豐富多樣的效果，請看下列轉化實例：

◈ 名詞子句可轉化為非動詞結構
1. That John won the marathon surprised us.
John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.

2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.
I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.

◈ 形容詞片語子句可轉化為非動詞結構
1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

3. The next train that arrives is from New York.

◈ 副詞子句可轉化為非謂語動詞結構
1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

2. When they are heated metals expand.
(When) Heated, metals expand.

3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.
Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.
…in order for the audience to understand me.

5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.
United, we stand; divided, we fail.

6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.
Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.

無動詞結構也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點，原因就在於由於中文寫作慣性，同學很少能想到使用該結構。這種結構實質上是SVC結構的省略，包括形容詞無動詞結 構、名詞無動詞結構(即同位元結構)和介詞無動詞結構，往往放在句子開頭，以逗號同主句隔開，表示原因、條件、讓步、補充說明，伴隨狀況等意義。請看下列 例子：

◈ 形容詞無動詞結構
1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)

2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨副詞)

3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)

4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)

5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)

◈ 名詞無動詞結構
6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人), Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語)

7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)

8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)

◈ 介詞無動詞結構
9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)

10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)

由於寫作慣性，同學們寫英語作文時，很可能不會想到上述結構，而是寫成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫成：
1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.

2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.

相比之下不難發現，無動詞結構比分句效果更好，更道地，更簡練，同時又豐富了作文的句子結構，讓讀者和閱卷老師為之眼前一亮！