字神帝國英語天地

【每天堅持讀與聽經濟學人Economist一起加強閱讀與單字力】

今日主題：Graffiti 塗鴉 牆上文化

康康精選GRE&GMAT會考的主題，堅持每天精聽或精讀，英文一定會大大進步的哦!!

建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。

MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://xia2.kekenet.com/Sound/2015/…/ecow1123_2450840yka.mp3

只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：

 中英文稿：
Graffiti 塗鴉
The writing's on the wall
牆上文化
Having turned respectable, graffiti culture is dying
塗鴉文化獲得體面，然瀕臨滅絕
LONDON'S fastest-changing art gallery is hidden in a sunken ball court on a housing estate in Stockwell, southLondon. On a sunny Sunday afternoon six or seven men, mostly in their 30s, are busy painting the walls with new designs. They have put up cartoons, names written in elaborate, multicoloured lettering and clever perspective tricks. Tins of spray paint and beer stand on the ground; ladders lean against the paintings. The atmosphere is not unlike that of a golf course: a mix of concentration and blokey relaxation.
倫敦的藝術展瞬息萬變，這次則在倫敦南部斯托克維爾住宅區的一個地下球場舉行。一個陽光明媚的週日午後，六七個30多歲的男子把自己的新設計畫在牆壁上。 他們在上面畫了卡通圖，精心設計的名字、色彩繽紛的字母和巧妙的錯覺圖。地上擺著一瓶瓶噴漆和啤酒，扶梯靠在牆上。這場景和高爾夫球場一樣：是一種專注力 和娛樂休閒的並存體。

Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit. Teenagers dodge security guards to put their names on trains and buses. But over the past decade that has all but disappeared fromBritain's cities. Between 2007 and 2012 the number of incidents of graffiti recorded by the British Transport Police fell by 63%. A survey by the environment ministry shows that fewer places are blighted by tags than ever. Graffiti are increasingly confined to sanctioned walls, such as the Stockwell ball courts. In time the practice may die out entirely.

一般來講，塗鴉畫可謂是一種不計後果的活動。年輕人們會避開保安，把它們的名字畫上火車和巴士。但在過去的十年，這種現象在英國的城市已經消失了。從 2007到2012年，違反英國交通法規的塗鴉案件下降了63%。環境部的調查顯示，比起以前，受到標語破壞的地方越來越少。現在，塗鴉畫日益侷限在那些 允許被涂畫的牆上，比如斯托克維爾的球場。假以時日，這種行為可能會完全消亡。

The most obvious reason for the decline in tagging and train-painting is better policing, says Keegan Webb, who runs The London Vandal, a graffiti blog. Numerous CCTV cameras mean it is harder to get away with painting illegally. And punishments are more severe. Once-prolific taggers such as Daniel Halpin, who painted his pseudonym 「Tox」 all overLondon, have been given long prison sentences. British graffiti artists who want to paint trains usually go abroad to do it these days, says Mr Webb.
Keegan Webb，一個經營名叫「倫敦文化藝術破壞者」的塗鴉博客的博主說，繪名和鐵皮車塗鴉風靡程度下降最主要的原因是政策法規更加完備。非法在牆上繪圖越來越 難以逃離無處不在的中央電視台攝像頭，相應的懲罰也更加嚴重了。多產的繪名藝人Daniel Halpin把他的筆名「Tox」涂遍了整個倫敦，因此被判長期監禁。Mr Webb說近來想去涂畫鐵皮火車的英國的塗鴉藝人通常都會選擇出國。

A generational shift is apparent, too. Fewer teenagers are getting into painting walls. They prefer to play with iPads and video games, reckons Boyd Hill, an artist known as Solo One, who in effect runs the Stockwell ball courts. Those who do get involved tend to prefer street art to graffiti proper (which purists define as letters and names, however elaborately drawn). Some have gone to art school and want to make money from their paintings. The internet means that painters can win far more attention by posting pictures online than they can by breaking into a railway yard.
一代人心態的轉變也很明顯。現在越來越少的年輕人想參與牆上塗鴉活動。經營斯托克維爾球場的Boyd Hill（被稱為藝術家獨一人）承認，相較而言，年輕人們更願意玩兒IPad和電腦遊戲。就算對這方面感興趣的年輕人也比較喜歡街頭藝術，而非正宗的塗鴉 （不管畫得多麼仔細，純粹主義者們都只稱其為字母和名字）。他們中有一些人已經去了藝術學校，並想從他們的繪畫作品中獲利。網絡的普及意味著這些人可以把 自己的繪圖在線上傳，相較把它們畫在鐵路調車場，這樣更能提高他們的知名度。

Taggers and graffiti artists mostly grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. Those men—and almost all are men—are now older and less willing to take risks. 「We can't run away from the police any more,」 says Ben Eine, who turned from tagging to street art. The hip-hop culture that inspired graffiti in the first place has faded. Video games and comic books provide more inspiration than music.
繪名和塗鴉藝人大都是80或90後。這個群體—大多是男士—礙於年齡，不甚願意冒險。Ben Eine說「無論如何我們再也不能像從前那樣從警察眼皮子下溜走了。」，因而他從「繪名黨」轉向街頭藝術。剛開始掀起塗鴉的嘻哈文化已漸漸銷聲匿跡。相比 較而言，電子遊戲和漫畫書比音樂更能予人靈感。

Graffiti may eventually disappear. But for now the hobby is almost respectable. Mr Eine says he has lots of friends who used to paint trains. Now with wives and children, they paint abandoned warehouses at the weekend. It has become something to do on a Sunday afternoon—a slightly healthier alternative to sitting watching the football
塗鴉畫可能最終會消失。但是直至現在，這種愛好仍然受到人們的尊敬。Ben Eine說他有很多朋友曾經痴迷於在火車車皮廂上作畫。現在有了妻兒，他們只有週末去廢棄的倉庫牆上大展身手。這已經成了週日下午的慣例—一種比坐在電視機前看足球略微健康的消遣。