11/12托福三篇文章是:
1. The Development of Agriculture(農業的發展)
2. The Controversy over the Cosmic Hypothesis(宇宙假說的爭議)
3. Food Preservation(食物保存)。
第1篇文章涉及的話題農業考過無數次,如2015.12.19 Global Factors in the Beginnings of Agriculture,2015.09.13 Early Agriculture,2011.04.09 The Impact of Agriculture。
第2篇文章講述小行星撞擊地球導致恐龍滅絕這一假說的爭議,這一話題也考過無數次,但這兩篇文章都是新題,內容與以往考試只是部分交叉,未完全覆蓋。
第3篇文章「食物保存」是一個全新的話題,以前從未涉及。本場考試是一次完全的新題。
下面和大家分享第3篇文章的內容概述,幫助熟悉食物保存話題的相關內容和對應詞彙表達;並且解析最難的第1篇文章中的最難題目,幫助熟悉出題人的出題思路和對應策略。
Food Preservation(食物保存)
18世紀晚期法國人呼喚一種新的食物保存法,能夠不損害食物的營養和口感的同時,便宜地保存食物並且方便運輸。科學家Boyle認為食物腐爛和空氣接觸有關,因此提出真空罐保存法(vacuum/evacuated jars);科學家Papin在Boyle的基礎上,還對食物進行加熱高溫處理。但Boyle和Papin食物保存法使用起來比較昂貴而且不可靠,食物有時候仍然會腐爛(decompose)。真正最終解決食物保存問題的人不是科學家而是一個廚子Appert。他通過一系列試驗發現了保存食物的嚴格步驟:(1)將食物封在罐子裡; (2)仔細地封住罐口(seal); (3)將罐子放在沸水中加熱; (4)對不同食物所需加熱的時長不同,因此選定對應的恰當時間將罐子從沸水中取走。Appert不明白這背後的原因是什麼,最終科學家Pasteur發現食物腐爛的根本原因是微生物分解,所以沸水加熱殺死了微生物(microbe),而密封罐子則防止了新的微生物的進入。
注意:新穎話題文章由於初次涉及,ETS通常將其編排地通俗易懂,難度係數較低,考生遇到不必緊張。
The Development of Agriculture
(農業的發展)高難題目解析
考題1
第4題The word 「notable」 in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.significant; B.simple; C.well-known; D.surprising
解析:notable做名詞是「名人,要人」的意思,所以做形容詞,有「著名的、重要的」兩個相關意思,對應A、C選項都對,此時需要結合語境,細讀考句「One notable fact about the data is that in the long run of human habitation on Earth, these independent centers should have appeared within a temporal range as narrow as about six millennia.」(小長難句,並且充斥生詞)。正確答案選C。
考題2
第7題The word 「shattered」 in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.separated; B.grew; C.broke; D.dropped
解析:shattered按照中文解釋有「砸碎,破裂,散開」之意,對應A、C選項都對,此時需要結合語境,準確區分詞義,考句「As the grain ripened, the spike shattered, scattering the seeds and giving them an opportunity to produce a new plant each year.」。正確答案選C,強調玉米成熟穗子散開果粒散出。
細節題做題提醒:對原文句子準確意思的理解要求提高,並且需要綜合多句甚至整段信息作答,而且選項干擾係數增大,需要熟知出題人思路。
考題3
第5題Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about the invention of agriculture?
解析:題干中的關鍵詞「the invention of agriculture」是整篇文章的話題詞,放眼望去,處處都是關於農業發明的敘述,所以需要閱讀整段綜合理解。對應的原文段落信息此處暫略,下面從選項排除角度,分析錯誤選項出題原理,幫助考生識別考官出題思路,順利選出正確答案。選項和對應分析如下,注意標紅單詞,牢記干擾點。
A. Agriculture was practiced on other continents before it was practiced in Africa. (時間前後是考點,before與原文矛盾)
B. Agriculture first began to be practiced more than 10,000 years ago. (時間前後ago和極端詞彙first是考點)
C. Agriculture began to be practiced in various places during a relatively short span of time. (正確答案)
D. It is unclear which plants were the first to be domesticated. (否定和極端詞彙是考點,未涉及的否定內容)
考題4
第6題Paragraph 3 suggests that some agricultural activities such as harvesting wild grasses and planting seeds are not considered true domestication because those practices
解析:考查對細節(句子)精準意思的理解,對應考句:Over the millennia, people have harvested certain wild grasses, controlled weeds, encouraged wild plants to multiply, or planted seeds, but that is not true domestication. To be domesticated in the technical sense, a plant or animal has to be at least a new variety, often a new species, that can no longer reproduce itself without human assistance. 下面選項解析,分辨出題原理。
A. create new species that can reproduce in a variety of ways (選項末尾與原文語義反轉)
B. result in plants that require human assistance to reproduce(出現原文信息,但在邏輯上繞彎,注意邏輯方向,這是被認可的農業耕種條件,而非題干中所說的「非農業耕種行為」)
C. require no technical agricultural knowledge(虛假否定,通過否定詞關聯到原文原詞technical,但與technical在原文關聯用法完全不同)
D. do not result in new varieties (正確答案)
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