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PP 1-20 The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, 【broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but having no dangerous fangs and no venom, 】eventually, if its pursuer is not cowered by the performance, will fall over and play dead.
C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and想請問老師這題C選項結構要如何分析 謝謝!!
康康： (主要子句) The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, (兩組分詞構句三：explain：Ving and Ving, Ving and Ving) hissing and rearing back, (第一組)broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, (第二組) but (與前面語義不同，所以用連接詞接不同主要子句) it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and eventually, {if (後半主要子句的if副詞子句卡句中，加雙逗點標清楚) its pursuer is not cowered by the performance,} will fall over and play dead.
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PP1-41題：The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that （the money is controlled by local school districts, but it can only be spent） on teachers, not on books, computers, or other materials or activities.答案：the money be controlled by local school districts, but it allows them to spend the money only
問題：一開始也選正確答案，但後來看到administration's demand有所有格，因此把demand看作名詞，後面的that子句當形容詞修飾demand，就沒有把that子句後面的動詞改為原型看了，想請問老師，我是不是有哪個思路搞錯了
康康：that 子句是名詞子句當demand 的同位語。建要命規的語義(含動詞、形容詞、名詞：如這題的demand)其後所接的名詞子句，都會省略should，所以動詞用原型的。
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PP1-74題：Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored (due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are) simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are主要是看不大懂PP-Note的說明(C)but可能作為介係詞,產生 because they enhance reproduction or survival, but random by-products 的歧異(D)but當連接詞,構成be not…but (be)...的平行結構如果按照Note說的考點, (C) but後的beV,為何不能視為省略呢?覺得Note上的解釋有點牽強啊啊啊 啊啊啊啊啊
康康：這題是清楚性原則>平行原則。這題因為but 卡入了because…survival，如果少了are，會易誤解，其後的by-products 這個名詞與正前面的survival用but 平行。所以特別加入are，讓人能清楚是traits 真正內容為by-products。這算特例的句子，所以大概記得就行，非主考點，不用太困擾。
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PP1-134題：Among lower- paid workers, union members are less likely than non union members to be enrolled in lower- end insurance plans (imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend) less time with each.
正確答案：that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending
選錯的選項：imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend問題：根據句意spend的agent應該是doctors，我想請問老師答案裡的spending可以修飾到前面的doctor嗎，還是有其他我沒有注意到的地方因為看講義例句裡的agent都是主詞，剛剛在思考的時候想doctor在句子裡不是主詞，會不會無法用explain分詞構句3思考，不好意思老師是不是我還有哪個觀念沒搞懂ＱＱ
康康：spending less time with each 是分詞構句第三類：用來explain解釋前面 doctors 如何 to see more patients 。所以 spending的 agent 的確是doctors原本的句子是：requiring that doctors see more patients, spending less time with each. 而that子句作省略：變成答案句。所以 spending的 agent 還是doctors
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PP1-150題： The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a rival company for $950 (million, which is part of a deal that will make) it the largest manufacturer in the office color-printing market.
答案是:million as part of a deal that will make我選的選項是：million, part of a deal making想請問老師：看到粉多人分享的解析是說part當同位語指代million是錯的，那part在此句不能當做整件事的總結形同位語嗎？還是說錯誤的點是在making的部分？還有也想問，若是如正確選項加上as就可以代表是購買division這件事是deal中的一個part嗎？ 不太明白ＱＱ
康康：這題也是OV79題，OV官方詳解有說：it will purchase the division as part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer。在整個交易(DEAL)中，購買這個部門，為(as)整個交易的一部份，因為整個交易包含很多(溝通、談判、簽約、付錢等)。所以part 不該選用當同位語的選項。如BC，因為錢不是PART 部份交易的同位語，記得語義是：購買這個部門，為(as)整個交易的一部份。所以part在此句不能當做整件事的總結形同位語。
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PP2 59(D)選項 為什麼不對?
An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000. A project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and B project an average global warming to be from 1.8 to C project global warming that will average between 1.8 and D projects global warming to average from 1.8 to E projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and
康康：這的語義：average 是平均值，那為可數名詞，要加an。而且平均值應該是個確切數字，不該是from…to …average 為不可數名詞語，語義為平均水準。但與這題語義不合。
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PP2-34Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.answer: App語法筆記說 BCD的they指代不清楚, 想請問they & these 差異性在哪?these 可後面不加N 單獨使用嗎? 謝謝老師!
康康：這題的they & these無差，都是指endorphins，雖不是主詞對主詞，但BCDE 都還有其它錯，所以只能被迫選A哦。
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PP2-83The number of plant and animal species that {humans are known to have forced to extinction} in the last half millennium is over 800.A humans are known to have forced to extinction C humans are known for forcing to become extinct想請問老師怎麼判斷這題的Ａ和Ｃ，因為一開始審題就利用 adj > N刪掉了Ａ選項！再看一次唯一能判斷Ａ為正解的好像只能用時態 ！希望老師能提供其他的解題判斷點，謝謝：）
康康：humans are known to 是人類為大家所知。
humans are known for 人類有名於。語義不同哦。
humans are known for 人類有名於。語義不同哦。
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PP2-107 這題有大量的插入語,看了頭好暈, 想請老師幫忙看一下句構的還原分析(Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made, he) quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
康康：這題 BUT 是連接兩主要子句，而第二個主要子句前有，介片等。Galileo did not invent the telescope, but (on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made,) he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
細部分析：Galileo did not invent the telescope, (第一個主要子句) but 先接介片，修飾第二個主要子句的主詞HE (on hearing, in 1609, that (THAT子句為HEARING的受詞) such an optical instrument had been made, 第二個主要子句開始 he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
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PP3-1-182 老師請問 (B)和(C)選項就從語意上(B)的using 和(C)的by using都合理嗎? 還有(C)的 in convincing為什麼是修飾前面的organized?The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign-using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings-that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food. B：using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-that has convincedC：by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-in convincing
康康 (B) 正解：using Web sites, (using) public meetings, and (using) mass mailings 這是三個動名詞片語平行，為campaign的舉例型同位語。 (C)的by using 變成表原因，借由後三個而達成campaign，語義有些不同，不過我覺得還行。重點還是句尾不該用in，應用for convincing 修飾 campaign。
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PP3-1-218 Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the [movies—less than those] killed by bee stings.A. movies—less than thoseB. movies—fewer than have beenC. movies, which is less than thoseD. movies, a number lower than the peopleE. movies, fewer than the ones
Ans:(B)選了(E),原本的想法是ones指代peoplemovies, fewer than the people (have been)killed by bee stings.不知那裡想錯了另外, the man是當同位語嗎? -eater of the movies-- 是當插入語嗎?前面是dash, 後面是hyphen這是什麼結構呀???謝謝老師
康康，這題句子，的確是特別的，不過也是上課有教過的觀念1. the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies 同位語修飾正前面的shark.2. —fewer than have been，形容詞片語+than子句，屬於尾重六，修飾主詞seven people之所以會用dash，就是強調要與前面的movies隔開，告訴讀者，這個形容詞fewer與正前面無關哦。3. 選項 E：the ones 會指到seven people，語義就變成七人少於七人 ，就GG了。
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PP3-1-235題老師您好，（）為劃線部分，這題根據平行結構我有選出正確答案為(E)但想請教這裡的being是怎麼簡化的 A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by (Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man). (E). a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
康康：這題是being 當分詞卻沒有省略而1/1000對的特別題，大家不要太放在心上。分號後是完整句的省略being 是由are省略而來，一般來說分詞being都該省略的，這題因為其它選項是文法錯或語義錯，所以這種修辭性省略的不好，只要被迫選了哦：這句如果being 省略的話，後面的Native Son adn In vsisble Man 就成為the others的必要同位語，所以省略感覺更好，但記得，答案不一定是修辭上perfect 而是better。the others (are→) being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
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PP3-2-228題So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry, 【and her lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent,】 Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker. E so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform, that
答案是E網路上針對E選項有兩種解釋 想請教老師的解釋第一種解釋：省略結構（和原文結構相同）兩個並列分句中，當謂語動詞為系動詞或者become時，後面一句一定要省略。並且and一併省略。第二種解釋：獨立結構。謝謝老師~辛苦了
康康：兩類說法都不對：(E)不該與句首SO是相同結構，是的話，應該要加AND一起放句首，然後主要子句再倒裝。但(E)是放後面的。所以這句的原句： Frances Perkins' investigations (of the garment industry,) (so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform,) were so dogged so persistent…整個不是獨立結構，而應該稱為形容詞片語 與of 介片，一起修飾investigations，而so persistent…整個形容詞片語較不重要，所以加逗點用非限定表示。而最後的were so dogged 倒裝，與後面的that才是一組。
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GWD-10-Q3:For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known as shades, each a roof (of poles and arrowweed）(supported by posts) (set in a rectangle).A. each a roof of poles and arrowweed
康康老師不好意思又有問題了><
這個括號部分就是正確答案，想問老師在這裡的each是當做形容詞修飾shade（,and each shade is a roof..）然後省略shade和and和be動詞的用法嗎？還是each是代名詞（,and each is a roof of...)省略and 和be動詞的用法，或者我都想錯了？想釐清這題的觀念QQ
康康：這句的確後半句構複雜：each 是shades的同位語，同位語後可再加修飾語(當然可為名詞同位語)，所以each後的修飾語，就是它的同位語a roof。其它的就是一個再修飾一個(of poles and arrowweed）& (supported by posts) 都是修飾roof。(set in a rectangle)修飾post
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OG12-26題 = PP3 第210題 (A)為什麼錯?Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else. (A) Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else. (E) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber
康康：這題就是考到我上課說的：主從要區分。原句的重點，是給Susan的信多過outnumber 給其它人。所以這個句子要像(E)，放在主要子句。 而原句較不重要的訊息是給Susan的信的內容，要像(E)放在從屬子句。而(A)就犯了這問題，把不重要的訊息，變主要子句了。
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OG12：52題[To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,] and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance. (A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, (B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home, (C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable, (D) Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, (E) Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker,O
A: (D) 誤選了(C) 一開始就刪掉(D),(E)了 因為it指代不清的問題 檢討時才發現(D)的it 是虛主詞想請問老師, 該如何排除(C)呢? 我找不出明顯的錯誤點 另外,用未劃線的and she 依平行原則判定此句主詞為人,刪掉(A),(B)(E)是正確的嗎?
康康：and she 的確暗示愈平行愈好，所以最好前面也是同主詞Baker，而不要是Paris。但要提醒，這個是修辭點，所以不要以為所有的句子，都一定是人 平行 人。也能人 平行 物的句子。只是如果選項中有在比的話，當然要盡量選愈平行的。所以刪掉Paris當主詞的(A)(B)(E)。 (C)沒有文法錯，有兩個小缺點：一、如OG詳解說：before 後接to，文法對但念起來awkward。二、before子句，能放句首，這樣兩個主要子句就能連接前後，不然還可能誤解and 是平行後半與before子句的。
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OG12：56題 = OG13：57題 老師你好想請問Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.(E) Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
答案是Ｅ想請問老師and後的were（時態不同）為何跟date平行呢？！懇請老師解惑謝謝：）
康康：記得我上課說的，古文明，尤其是講來源：常用習慣式的。這個 date 就是。而製作，就很明顯是古時，所以用 were fashioned
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OG12：105題（Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, ）capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world. 答案是：(C)In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
我選的是：(E) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and想請問我選的選項是因為them的指代不明嗎所以不能選嗎，有點不懂這題ＱＱ謝謝！！
康康：選項(E)，其實文法是對的，OG詳解有誤，它把coordinated視為分詞片語而說沒有修飾到illustrations，這樣看我覺得不對，這個coordinated可視為動詞，這樣用and 與capitalized 平行。所以OG這個說法不好。我覺得這句最大的問題是, in her book illustrations, 這不需放SV的中間，如OG所說：這樣會CHOPPY，句子被砍斷。但這並非絕對的不好，因為修辭中有超多例子都是主動詞中有隔修飾語。但還是記得，答案是比較出來的，當(C)都很完美，即使(E)還行，都還是要選(C)哦。
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OG2016-137By 1999, astronomers had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planets about the size of JupiterA: had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planet B: had discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that wereC: had discovered that there were 17 nearby stars that were orbited by planets D: have discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that are E: have discovered that 17 nearby stars are orbited by planets
想請教的問題是：1. That are 使用的時機是1.前方有多個先行詞 2.表時態不同。我不太明白這裡為何要寫出 that are，第一個原因應該可以不用考慮，但難道是因為第二個原因：表這些星星被某些行星圍繞是「事實」所以用現在式嗎？（有無可能那時候發現時行星的確繞著星星轉，但現在已經沒有？）2. 因為上述理由，我選擇的答案是C選項
康康：That are 使用的時機是2.表時態不同。英文在強調長久事實時，有時會選用現在式來作強調。我在思維式文法班有教到更細：當述及至今，仍為真的內容時，用習慣式例如這句：Ancient people didn’t believe that the earth is round; they thought that the earth was flat.相比之下：C選項的there were，就WORDY了。
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OV2-56 = OV1-61對OG部分解釋有困惑,真心覺得看OG模模糊糊的解釋可能需要點兒慧根Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice, which dates from the eighth century, was probably buried ((to keep from)) being stolen by invaders．(A) to keep from(B) to keep it from(C) to avoid(D) in order that it would avoid(E) in order to keep fromAns:(B)OG解釋提到"Inserting a pronoun makes it clear to the reader that it is the chalice that might be stolen"chalice was probably buried to keep it(指代chalice) from不大理解此處的it補出的必要性耶......我反而覺得有點兒wordy,因為S就已是chalice 了
康康：這題考點很特別。不定詞to keep前面沒有for+agnet，那其agent 通常是主詞 = chalice。所以這句就要求一定要補出it = chalice，這樣有受詞it 那其agent 就不會是主詞了因為同子句指涉回自己，要用反身代名詞itself。所以有it，這樣，讀者才不會誤會不定詞的agent 是主詞。
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OV1-87 (OG11紫色姊妹版)The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, ((and meat rarely.))(A) and meat rarely(B) and meat was rare(C) with meat as rare(D) meat a rarity(E) with meat as a rarity
Ans:(E)發現自己對短畫線的題目掌握度較差,可能是能參考線索較少吧在實戰中遇到短畫線題時也比較沒把握說說我的做題思路:短畫線因題目不長所以會全看 The diet (of the ordinary Greek)(in classical times) was largely vegetarian—(vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes,)((and meat rarely.))看到 and 想到 --> 平行對稱was largely vegetarian and meat rarely誤選了(A) 其實我覺得五個答案都不好:找不到and rarely meat (硬選)完全沒想到是with 獨立結構 而且還用了個 rarity(N.) (V.>A.>N.) 是不是我的語意理解錯誤呀???麻煩老師糾正解題思路囉!!! 感恩哦...
康康：(A) was largely vegetarian and (WAS) meat rarely 文法不對的，rarely 是副詞，沒有東西能被它修飾。註：副詞是不會修飾到be動詞的。 (E) with meat as a rarity 不是獨立結構(語義一定要為因為)，而是with 表伴隨的形容詞介片。vegetarian, with meat as a rarity
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PP3 182老師請問PP3 SC-182 (B)和(C)選項就從語意上(B)的using 和(C)的by using都合理嗎? 還有(C)的 in convincing為什麼是修飾前面的organized?The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign-using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings-that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food. Ausing Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings-that have convincedBusing Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-that has convincedCby using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-in convincingDby the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings-that convincedEwhich used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-in convincing
- 康峻騰 (B)：using Web sites, (using) public meetings, and (using) mass mailings 這是三個動名詞片語平行，為campaign的舉例型同位語。
- 康峻騰 (C)的by using 變成表原因，借由後三個而達成campaign，語義有些不同，不過我覺得還行。重點還是句尾不該用in，應用for convincing 修飾 campaign。
老師請問PP2 59的(D)選項 為什麼不對?An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000. Aproject an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and Bproject an average global warming to be from 1.8 to Cproject global warming that will average between 1.8 and Dprojects global warming to average from 1.8 to Eprojects an average global warming of between 1.8 and
- Andrew Mky Lee Average global warming是名詞。d後半段的寫法感覺在指"平均會從1.8增加至..."，但內文不是這個意思。假如說increase from的話就對了。答案應該是E? 答錯不負責
- 邵啟翔 但我覺得D的意思能算錯嗎?
- 康峻騰 這的語義：average 是平均值，那為可數名詞，要加an。而且平均值應該是個確切數字，不該是from…to …
- 康峻騰 average 為不可數名詞語，語義為平均水準。但與這題語義不合。
OG16-137 By 1999, astronomershad discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planetsabout the size of JupiterA: had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planet B: had discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that were C: had discovered that there were 17 nearby stars that were orbited by planets D: have discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that are E: have discovered that 17 nearby stars are orbited by planets
想請教的問題是： 1. That are使用的時機是1.前方有多個先行詞 2.表時態不同。我不太明白這裡為何要寫出that are，第一個原因應該可以不用考慮，但難道是因為第二個原因：表這些星星被某些行星圍繞是「事實」所以用現在式嗎？（有無可能那時候發現時行星的確繞著星星轉，但現在已經沒有？） 2.因為上述理由，我選擇的答案是C選項
康康：1. That are使用的時機是 2.表時態不同。英文在強調長久事實時，有時會選用現在式來作強調。我在思維式文法班有教到更細：當述及至今，仍為真的內容時，用習慣式例如這句：Ancient people didn’t believe that the earth is round; they thought that the earth was flat.相比之下：C選項的there were，就WORDY了。
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OG2018
735. The English physician Edward Jenner found that if experimental subjects were deliberately infected with cowpox, (which caused only a mild illness, they are immune from) smallpox. (A) which caused only a mild illness, they are immune from (B) causing only a mild illness, they become immune from (C) which causes only a mild illness, they are immune to (D) causing only a mild illness, they became immune from (E) which caused only a mild illness, they would become immune to
正解：這道題看到if用were，所以選E用WOULD
但平常我們都是,Ving>,which 然而這題卻不是，是為何呢?
而OG詳解這句就更值得我們來研究：The participle causing suggests that infecting the subjects with cowpox caused a mild illness only in some of the cases - but this does not seem to be the intended meaning.
康康解析：這題若選causing，便是分詞構句2，前面整句造成後面結果。所以就是這句subjects were deliberately infected with cowpox → causing only a mild illness。這會有意思問題的，感染就只會生小病 (而不會生大病)。這是違背正常語義的。
所以應該選E 用WHICH指正前面的cowpox，而是感染只會生小病的cowpox，而後來就能免疫。這樣才符合語義。
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