字神帝國英語天地

 今日主題：Fire Cooked Up Early Human Culture
火產生了早期的人類文明

 洪欣老師推薦：托福聽力最好的課外教材：60-Second Science
 康康精選托福會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!

 建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。

 MP3音檔 ：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20141002sa_science.mp3

 只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：

 中英文稿：
Some scientists say the use of fire helped make us modern humans—it dramatically changed what and how we eat and may have even altered our anatomy. But University of Utah anthropologist Polly Wiessner thinks that fire was also important in shaping human social interactions and cultural traditions. Her conclusions are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Polly W. Wiessner, Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/』hoansi Bushmen]
一些科學家稱，火的使用幫助我們成為現代人，火極大地改變了我們吃什麼，如何吃，以及我們的身體結構。但是美國猶他大學的人類學家波莉‧維斯納認為，火災塑造人類社會互動和文化傳統方面也非常重要。她的研究結論被發表在《美國國家科學院院刊》上。

Wiessner evaluated day and night activities and conversations of Kalahari Bushmen from Botswana and Namibia. These communities still live by hunting and gathering, as most humans did over evolutionary history.
維斯納對來自博茨瓦納和納米比亞的布希曼人日日夜夜的活動和交談進行了評估。這些群體仍然像進化歷史中的大多數人一樣，靠狩獵和採集為生。

During the day, nearly a third of the conversations dealt with economic issues such as hunting strategies and foraging plans. Another third covered complaints, criticisms and gossip.
在白天，幾乎有三分之一的人的交談時圍繞處理經濟問題而進行的，例如狩獵策略和覓食計畫，另外三分之一的人則滿是抱怨，批評和流言蜚語。

But at night around the fire, more than 80 percent of group conversations were storytelling, often about people living far away or in the spirit world.
但是在晚上，超過80%的對話是在講故事，經常是關於生活在遙遠地方的人們的故事或者精神世界的故事。

Weissner says that humans are unique in that we create ties to others outside of our immediate group. Gathering at the fire expanded listeners' imaginations and allowed for the development of cognitive processes that made it possible to form those links to distant communities. Which makes fire the precursor to Facebook.
—Cynthia Graber
維斯納稱，人類可以與自己最親近的群組以外的其他人創建關係，在這方面人類是獨一無二的。人們聚集在火堆周圍講故事，可以豐富聽眾的想像力，促進認知過程的發展，使得與遙遠群體建立聯繫成為可能。這使得火成為Facebook的先驅。——辛西婭‧格雷伯