字神帝國英語天地

 
 今日主題：Frogs Signal Visually in Noisy Environments  可愛的青蛙叫聲

 洪欣老師推薦：托福聽力最好的課外教材：60-Second Science
 康康精選托福會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!

 建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。

 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://online1.tingclass.net/voas…/2016/20160427sa_earth.mp3

 只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：

 中英文稿：
Ask anyone what sound a frog makes and they'll probably say "ribbit." But there’s only one frog that makes that sound: the Pacific chorus frog. It may have become the go-to frog call because it just happens to live near sound artists in Hollywood.
你問所有的人青蛙的叫聲是什麼樣子的，他們會說是呱呱的叫啊。但是只有一種青蛙除外，那就是太平洋合唱哇。這種青蛙碰巧居住在好萊塢聲音藝術家附近，因此這種叫聲就顯得非常的非主流了。

Herpetologists have long known that frog calls are more diverse than just ribbit. But their communications are more diverse than just calls—they also signal each other by sight.
爬蟲學家很早以前就知道，青蛙的叫聲多種多樣，不只只有呱呱的叫聲。但是它們的交流方式除了叫聲外還其它多種形式——它們彼此之間也能夠通過觀察信號進行交流。

Say you’re a male of a species called the Brazilian torrent frog. And you live alongside a fast-flowing stream in the Amazon jungle. You happily chirp away, advertising your availability to whatever female torrent frogs are around. But when another male comes too close, your chirps give way to peeps and squeals.
假如你是一隻雄性的巴西河流蛙。並且你居住在亞馬遜叢林激流邊。你你愉快的鳴叫，宣揚著對周圍生活的雌性河流蛙的渴望。但是當其它雄性逐漸靠近你的領地，你的鳴叫聲馬上變為唧唧尖叫。

So you wave your red and brown arm in front of your cream-colored face. The ensuing color contrast turns your body into a warning light. The intruder gets the hint and hops away to bother someone else.
這時你就會在你奶白色的臉前揮舞紅色和褐色的手臂。這種鮮明的對比顏色會將你的身體變成警示色。入侵者收到訊號就會跳走去干擾別人。

Brazilian zoologist Fábio P. de Sá witnessed Brazilian torrent frogs using eighteen different visual displays, five of which had never been seen before in other frogs. He and colleagues published their findings in the journal PLOS ONE. The frog semaphore system probably developed because streams are noisy places. Instead of shouting over the sound of rushing water, these frogs communicate by jumping, head bobbing, arm waving or even wagging their toes.
巴西動物學家Fábio P. de Sá就曾目睹過巴西河流蛙使用了18種不同的可見的資訊展示方式，其中五種在其它種類的蛙中從未被觀察到過。該研究結果已經發表在《公共科學圖書館》雜誌 上。由於河流非常的喧囂，青蛙的信號系統可能進化了。巴西河流蛙並沒有用嘹亮的歌聲蓋過湍急的河流，而是通過跳躍，晃動頭部，擺動手臂或者甚至搖擺腳趾這 類方式進行交流。

The set of signals is the most sophisticated ever documented for a frog, but de Sá thinks that other frogs could have similarly complex repertoires, if only researchers would take the time to look. One thing is certain: it’s not easy being green, but it’s simple to be seen.
這類信號是蛙類研究中有記載的文獻中最複雜的方式了，但是Fábio P. de Sá 認為，其它蛙類或許有相同複雜的指令集和，只要科研人員們能花時間觀察記錄一下便能發現。儘管如此，有一件事兒我們能確認，那就是，變綠不是很容易，但是被發現還是不難的。