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托福閱讀的文章一般都很長,細節眾多,其中事實細節題可以說是難度較大的題目之一,需要對文章的細節內容有很好的掌握。但事實細節題又是托福閱讀中所占比例較大的題型,時間緊、任務重,要如何拿下呢?

【鎖定信號詞-找到輻射區】
事實細節題建議大家採用“鎖定信號詞-找到輻射區”的方法來解答事實題,我們一起來瞭解一下這種方法:
細節題題目一般都會就文章中的一個名詞或者一項事實來提問,該名詞或事實就是“signpost word(s)”,即所謂的信號詞;托福閱讀的題目一般都會針對某一段提問,建議大家在確認了信號詞之後,回到對應段落,通過“scanning”及掃讀 的方式,迅速定位到原文中的信號詞處,將信號詞上下幾句劃為輻射區進行研究,提高做題效率。

【例題練習】
一起來看例題,將這個方法應用到實戰中來吧。

● 題目
1. The period discussed in the passage is referred to as an “explosion” because it
A occurred 0.6 billion years ago, late in Earth's history
B was characterized by the unusually fast evolution of many new life-forms
C was characterized by widespread animal extinction
D was characterized by violent volcanic eruptions

題目問的是,文章中討論的這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”是因為什麼。
這篇閱讀文章是圍繞著“寒武紀生物大爆發”展開內容的。在本題目,explosion就是我們所說的信號詞。

原文中與本題對應的段落內容如下:
The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei) about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6billion years ago. The last event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animals originated relatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last10 percent of Earth’s history. During a geologically brief 100-million-yearperiod, all modern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved. This rapid origin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “the Cambrian explosion.”

透過掃讀,我們看到explosion這個詞出現在段落最後,我們將本信號詞前的兩句話定為輻射區,即:
During a geologically brief100-million-year period, all modern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved. This rapid origin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “the Cambrian explosion.”

解讀一下輻射區的意思:
在短暫的一億年的地質學週期中,所有現代動物群(包括現在已經滅絕的生物)都進化了。

這次快速的動物起源和動物種類多樣化情況產生的時期常常被稱為“寒武紀大爆發”。

我們瞭解到,這一時期的特徵就是動物種類多樣化,動物發展的速度快,這也是這一時期被稱為“大爆發”的緣由。

研究選項:
A occurred 0.6 billion years ago, late in Earth's history
A 表示這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”是因為它發生在六億年前,是在地球歷史的晚期。
本選項不對,是否被稱為“大爆發”,與出現的時期無關。

B was characterized by the unusually fast evolution of many new life-forms
B 表示這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”是因為這段時期的特徵是很多生命形式以不同尋常的速度進化演變
B正確,它提到了這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”的兩個原因“很多的生命形式”以及“不同尋常的速度”,與原文輻射區相吻合。

C was characterized by widespread animal extinction
C 表示這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”是因為這段時期的特徵是很多動物都滅絕了。
C選項錯誤,動物滅絕和“大爆發”是相悖的。

D was characterized by violent volcanic eruptions
D表示這一時期之所以被稱為“大爆發”是因為這段時期的特徵是火山爆發的情況很嚴重。注意:volcanic: 火山的,eruption: 爆發。因此,D也不對,輻射區沒有提到火山的問題,而且它與被稱為“大爆發”的原因也不吻合。

本題選擇B。

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

題目問的是,從文章第一段看,以下哪個選項描述是正確的?

這篇文章是圍繞著Puget的鹿群展開內容的。在本題中,white-tailed deer就是我們所說的信號詞(短語)。

原文中與本題對應的段落內容如下:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

通過掃讀,我們看到white-tailed deer這個詞(短語),將本信號詞(短語)後面的三個分句定為輻射區,即:
…white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

解讀一下輻射區的意思:
白尾鹿早前在開闊的草原是很常見的,但是現在它們的居住範圍縮小至哥倫比亞河流下游的低地沼澤及沖積平原。
從輻射區我們瞭解到,白尾鹿曾經的活動範圍比現在大得多,現在和以前的生活地區有所不同。

研究選項:
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
A表示白尾鹿是在低地及沼澤土生土長的。這與輻射區”in earlier times was common in the open prairie country”不符,A錯誤。

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
B表示白尾鹿與騾鹿有近親關係,和輻射區內容無關,且與第一段中” The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington”(黑尾鹿是騾鹿的近親)相悖,B錯誤。

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
C表示在開闊的草原地區,白尾鹿被黑尾鹿取代了。這個選項是無中生有的選項。C錯誤。

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
D表示白尾鹿現在的居住地和以前的居住地不一樣。與輻射區意思相符,選擇D。

托福閱讀的信息量很大,如果在解事實細節題時把所有資訊都看完再做題,會導致時間不夠,我們可以採用“鎖定信號詞-找到輻射區”的方法來解答這類題,把需要理解的資訊的包圍圈縮小,抓住該範圍內與信號詞相關的細節,有助於我們迅速作出正確答案。

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