reading-mood-free-desktop-wallpaper-1920x1080  

在學習英語的過程中,我們都知道英文單字和中文詞語一樣,會存在一個單字多種意思的情況。一字多義是一種普遍而重要的語言現象,更是英語字彙的一大特色。英語中純粹的單義字很少,絕大多數詞都是多義字,即一個字項有兩個或兩個以上的意義。

很多學生在雅思閱讀準備過程中只是大量做題,而忽視字彙量的累積,另外有一部分學生在字彙上下了一定的功夫,但是碰到的問題卻是:單字都認識,偏偏就是看 不懂意思。因此,在定位到答案所在文章段落某一句的時候,還是不能理解或是出現誤解而不能解答題目,這個是相當可惜的。

雅思閱讀的準備過程中,後期會側重於對篇章整體架構的把握,以及針對各類題型應試技巧的掌握。但作為考試準備的前期階段,作為基本功的單字,無疑需要作為重點來進行突破。
以下主要就雅思閱讀劍橋真題部分的一些存在熟詞多義的題目進行解析:

drive
C4T1P1:
In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests.

這是一個複雜的長難句,一共出現了三處定語從句,一處ways in which, 一處factors which,一處activities which。
drive的主詞為連接代詞which代指的先行詞factors,提取之後變為factors drive the activities, 這裡如果將這裡作為動詞的drive 翻譯成駕駛,句子是完成不通順的,我們從後一處的定語從句中得知,activities指的是破壞雨林的行為,也就是前面的社會經濟和政治因素drive 了一些破壞雨林的行為,也就是說,這裡的drive是導致,迫使的意思。

C6T1P2
選項型SUMMARY
Q24: Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24................. from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier.

文章E段 To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world's disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market.

透過manufacturers of computers定位到E段。閱讀後我們可以知道電腦製造商集中在東南亞製造和進口disk drives而不是本國市場。如果同學對電腦知識比較瞭解的話,對於drive在這裡的理解應該問題不大。根據一定的語法知識我們看得出這裡的disk drives和disk-drive是名詞用法,可通過drive的基本含義“駕駛”進一步引申理解,“駕駛磁片”過渡為“讓磁片啟動”,正確的理解含義 為:磁碟機。對應到題目提供的選項“B. components”

subject
我們知道它由“科目”的意思,詞彙稍好的同學還會知道它還有“主語”和“主題”的含義。我們來看下麵一題:

C5T1P2
單選題 Q20 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether
A a 450-volt shock was dangerous.
B punishment helps learning.
C the pupils were honest.
D they were suited to teaching.

文章A段 Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.

文章這裡的'teacher-subject'打了引號,也就是說即便同學你不認識,把它當作一個特殊詞符號,不理解不影響做題。不過明顯的是,把“科 目”“主語”“主題”放這裡,都不好理解。在雅思閱讀學術實驗類的文章中,subject是個高頻詞彙,作為“實驗物件”的含義來使用, 有時會同義替換為volunteer或participant。
C8T1P3
表格填空Q38 The results were then subjected to a 38…………………….

文章:In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies.

透過冠詞a我們可以知道此空填名詞單數,並且從表格縱軸同行的特殊定位詞in 1987,我們找到了定位句。但是定位句中存在冠詞a的三處,到底三處後的單字填哪個呢。單字不會,語法來湊,通過題目和文章的主幹結構的一致性:A be subjected to B和A be studied By B in C, 由於Honorton是人名且不符合填詞規定,順理成章的'meta-analysis'成為我們的選填對象。那subject to到底什麼意思呢,通過文章,我們可以知道大概是被研究的意思,查了字典我們就瞭解,正確含義為“受…支配”。
類似的用法單字還有:

state n. (美國的)州,狀態,政府,adj. 國家的,國立的 v.陳述,說明
C8T4P1 判斷題Q8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools. State-run adj國立的
C7T4P1 第5段 There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force, Gharib says. State n.狀態

coin n. 硬幣, v. 創造,鑄造
C7T1P1 E段 The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments. Coin v 創造(first used)

spoke v. speak過去式,n 車輪的輻條(C4T1P3)
tuition n. 學費,課程,講授,教學(C4T1P1)
complaint n. 抱怨,抗議,疾病(C4T2P2)
Interest v. 是感興趣n. 興趣,利益,利息(C4T3P1)
leaves v. leave的動詞三單形式 n.葉子(Pl)(C8T4P3)
press v. 按壓,n. 印刷,新聞工作者,新聞(C5T1P3/C5T4P2)
(pressing adj. 迫切的,急切的 C7T1P2)

以上介紹的一些雅思單字多義字,很多都是英語初學者都知道的字彙,偏偏以為很簡單的字,但是放到雅思閱讀裡,還是難倒了許多同學。英語中有相當數量的多義 字,英語最常用的4000個高頻字基本上都是多義字,平均每個字都有兩到三個意思,因此在學習過程當中,一定要特意留心一個單字的詞性和同詞性的其它含 義,通過不同的語言環境和背景去理解和記憶,從而逐漸消除由於一詞多義而造成的理解障礙,提高解題效率。

arrow
arrow
    創作者介紹
    創作者 字神帝國英語天地 的頭像
    字神帝國英語天地

    字神帝國英語天地

    字神帝國英語天地 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()