☀ 今日主題：The cost of life-saving vaccines 救命疫苗的成本
☀ 派老師推薦：雅思聽力最好的課外教材：BBC
☀ 康康精選雅思會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!
☀ 建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。
☀ MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/175.mp3
☀ 只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：
☀ 中英文稿：
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. And with me in the studio today is Neil.
大家好，我是羅伯。歡迎收聽《六分鐘英語》。今天節目的嘉賓是尼爾。
Hello, Rob.
你好，羅伯。
Today we're going to talk about the cost of keeping people healthy. The price of life-saving vaccines has escalated – has gone up - and some of the world's poorer countries are struggling to immunise children –
今天我們要討論的是人們維持健康需要花費的成本。救命疫苗的價格上漲，世界上一些貧困國家在兒童免疫的道路上舉步維艱，
to immunise, in other words, to prevent children from catching diseases.
兒童免疫，換句話說，就是預防兒童感染疾病。
Yes, the organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres is criticising the pharmaceutical companies which produce the vaccines.Medecins Sans Frontieres is a well-known charity – a charity is an organisation that sets up to help and raise money for people in need.
無國界醫生組織指責生產疫苗的製藥公司。該組織是一個著名的慈善組織——所謂慈善組織是為了幫助需要的人，並為他們籌款而設立的組織。
We're going to talk about the cost of vaccines and you'll learn some words you can use to discuss the topic yourself or to follow the news. But first, a question, Neil.
接下來我們談談疫苗的成本，你可以學到一些新單詞，用來討論相關的話題或閱讀相關的新聞。首先，要考考你，尼爾。
Yes?
什麼問題？
The first laboratory-developed vaccine was produced in 1879.The vaccine was against an animal disease called chicken cholera. Who was the scientist behind it? Was it…
1879年人們在實驗室成功研製第一支疫苗。這只疫苗可以抵抗一種動物疫病，叫做雞霍亂。請問，是哪位科學家成功研製了這支疫苗？
a) Alexander Fleming
a)亞歷山大‧弗萊明
b) Albert Sabin
b)阿爾伯特‧沙賓
c) Louis Pasteur
c)路易‧巴斯德
Well, I don't know, but I'm going to guess. Probably not (a) because Fleming discovered penicillin.Probably not (c) because Pasteur did pasteurisation. I'm gonna go for (b).
我不知道，我猜一猜吧。應該不是(a)因為弗萊明發明了青黴素。應該也不是(c)，因為巴斯德發明的是巴氏滅菌法。那我選(b)。
Well, we'll have the answer to that question at the end of the programme.Now, let's talk about the controversy behind these life-saving vaccines. On one side we have a charity and on the other side, the drug companies.
好的，節目最後我們再公佈正確答案。現在，我們來談談那些救命疫苗背後的爭論。一方是慈善組織，一方是製藥公司。
Which vaccines are they talking about?
他們談論的是什麼疫苗呢？
Well, they're talking about vaccines which prevent diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, diphtheria and polio.According to Medecins Sans Frontieres, between 2001 and 2014 there was a 68-fold increase in vaccine prices.
他們談論的是預防類的疫苗，例如預防結核病、麻疹、白喉和小兒麻痺。據無國界醫生組織稱，疫苗價格在2001到2014年間上漲了68倍。
Well, that is a lot!
上漲了好多啊！
It certainly is. And the group says that there are particular cases in which rich western countries are actually getting vaccines at a cheaper rate than poorer countries.That's what Medecins Sans Frontieres says, and they're asking for more transparency around prices.
確實。該組織還稱，發達的西方國家購得疫苗的價格比貧困國家低。基於此，無國界醫生組織要求更透明的疫苗價格。
Transparency means clarity, something done in an open way, without secrets.
透明度是指清楚明確，以公開的方式行事，沒有隱藏的秘密。
Yes, they want to know the cost of the vaccines. Let's hear what Rohit Malpani from Medecins Sans Frontieres has to say.See if you can spot the expression Malpani uses to describe how high the price of the vaccine is for some countries.
是的，他們想知道疫苗的成本。讓我們聽一聽無國界醫生組織的羅希特‧邁爾潘尼是怎麼說的。看你是否能聽出邁爾潘尼用來形容一些國家疫苗價格之高的那個詞。
This is all a black box. It's a black box in terms of the price they are charging to most countries around the world so they're often charging prices that are wildly out of proportion with their ability to pay.
不知道成本是多少。根據他們向大多數國家收取的價錢，無法推算成本，所以他們的要價經常與他們的納稅能力不成比例。
You have Morocco and Tunisia that now are paying higher prices than France for the pneumococcal vaccine.
摩納哥和突尼斯購買肺炎球菌菌苗支付的價錢要比法國高不少。
We also simply do not know the cost of production and if GlaxoSmithKline says that it costs more than we are saying it does,
如果葛蘭素史克表示成本比我們說的多，
then they should simply submit to some sort of audit to ensure that we can verify the cost of production.
那麼他們應當遞交一份簡單的審核表，來證實其生產成本與其描述一致。
The expression which describes the relationship between the price asked and the ability to pay is 『out of proportion'.It means it's unrealistic or exaggerated.
他用來描述要價和納稅能力之間關係的詞是「不成比例」，意思是不切實際或言過其實。
And Malpani from Medecins Sans Frontieres says that Morocco and Tunisia are paying more than France – a much richer country – for a particular vaccine.
邁爾潘尼說摩納哥和突尼斯購買某種疫苗的價格比更為發達的法國還高。
And his organisation wants transparency. They want to be able to verify the cost of production.To verify means to confirm that something is really true and they want the drug company to confirm that the cost to produce the vaccines is really as high as they say it is.
他所在的無國界醫生組織希望製藥公司疫苗成本方面的信息更加公開透明。他們想要核實疫苗的生產成本。核實是指證實某件事是真實的，他們希望製藥公司證明其所稱的製作疫苗的成本屬實。
Well, at this point, we have to hear what the companies say.
關於這一點，我們得聽聽那些製藥公司怎麼說。
Yes, because they argue that they already sell these vaccines at a discount, in other words, at a reduced price.
恩，製藥公司聲稱已經以折扣價出售疫苗，換句話說，減價出售。
Yes, they do. GlaxoSmithKline says that around 80% of all their vaccines, including the one mentioned by Malpani, are provided to developing countries at a substantial discount.And the company adds that the pneumococcal vaccine is one of the most complex they've ever manufactured because it combines 10 vaccines in one.
葛蘭素史克說，他們生產的疫苗中80% 都以相當大的折扣賣給了發展中國家，包括邁爾潘尼提及的那支疫苗。公司還補充道肺炎球菌疫苗是他們生產的最為複雜的疫苗，因為要將十種疫苗合成一種。
Yes. On one hand, vaccines take many years of research and these companies want to make a profit,which means to sell the product for more than it costs to make it.
一方面，疫苗研究花費很多年，而且公司需要盈利，也就意味著售價要高於成本價。
But on the other hand, the lack of vaccines can kill people and it's really very sad to see people dying of diseases which can be prevented. Some vaccines may be very affordable for a person in a rich country…
但是另一方面，很多人因缺少疫苗而死亡，看到人們死於可以預防的疾病，實在是令人痛心。在發達國家，一些疫苗每個人都付得起。
… but they might cost a fortune to someone in a poor country.
但是在貧困國家，人們要花大價錢才能買到疫苗。
This is a very complex problem and I'm sure we will talk about this again in the future. But now, let's go back to the quiz question, Neil.
這是一個很複雜的問題。之後我們會再次談及這個話題。現在，讓我們回到之前的問題。
You asked about the first vaccine developed in a laboratory…
你說在實驗室中研製的第一支疫苗…
Yes, I did. The first laboratory-developed vaccine was produced in 1879. It was a vaccine for the animal disease called chicken cholera.I wanted to know the name of the scientist who developed it. Was it Alexander Fleming, Albert Sabin or Louis Pasteur?
是的。1879年人們在實驗室成功研製第一支疫苗。這只疫苗可以抵抗一種動物疫病，叫做雞霍亂。問題是哪位科學家成功研製了這支疫苗？是亞歷山大‧弗萊明？阿爾伯特‧沙賓？還是路易‧巴斯德？
And I said (b) Albert Sabin.
我選的是(b)阿爾伯特‧沙賓。
And you were wrong! The correct answer is (C) Louis Pasteur, who was a French microbiologist.Now, Neil, the option you chose, the American scientist Albert Sabin, in fact developed an oral vaccine against polio in the 1950s – still very useful.And Alexander Fleming from Scotland did indeed discover penicillin, as you said.
很抱歉，你答錯了。正確答案是(C) 路易‧巴斯德，他是一位法國微生物學家。你選擇的阿爾伯特‧沙賓是一位美國科學家，他在二十世紀五十年代發明了預防小兒麻痺的口服疫苗，現在仍十分有效。蘇格蘭的亞歷山大‧弗萊明，如你所說，發明了青黴素。
Well, that is interesting and I'm a bit disappointed that I got it wrong actually.
很有意思的問題。老實說，答錯了有點失望。
Okay. Well, that's it for this programme. Now let's remember some of the words we used today, Neil.
好了，今天的節目就到這，我們再回憶一下今天提及的單詞。
to immunise
使免疫
Charity
慈善組織
Transparency
透明度
out of proportion
不成比例
to verify
核實
Discount
折扣
to make a profit
盈利，賺錢
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