上週六考到了：阿茲特克浮島農業重覆2017.08.26
可以來看這篇補點歷史腦哦~~
Chinampa is a type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.
Although different technology existed during the Post-classic and Colonial periods in the basin, chinampas have raised many questions on agricultural production and political development. After the Aztec Triple Alliance formed, the conquest of southern basin city-states, such as Xochimilco, was one of the first strategies of imperial expansion. Prior to this time, farmers maintained small-scale chinampas adjacent to their households and communities in the freshwater lakes of Xochimilco and Chalco. The Aztecs did not invent chinampas but rather were the first to develop it to a large scale cultivation.Sometimes referred to as "floating gardens," chinampas are artificial islands that were created by interweaving reeds with stakes beneath the lake's surface, creating underwater fences.A buildup of soil and aquatic vegetation would be piled into these "fences" until the top layer of soil was visible on the water's surface.These agricultural lands received this nickname due to the illusion they caused. The bodies of land appeared to be "floating" on the water because the canals surrounded the chinampa plots.
阿茲特克的農業文化。Aztec被驅逐到了一個地勢低、湖岸邊且多沼澤（swamp）的地方，雖然自然條件很糟糕，但是他們利用地形，建立起一種農業設施Chinampa。Cinampa是長方形、長約30.2米耕地的人造島，多建於Mexico Valley中的淺湖床上，以打樁的方式將枝條固定於長方形四周，以泥漿、湖底沉澱物以及腐壞的植物作為基層，使之高於湖平面，再種柳樹來鞏固及增強易流失的土壤（保持土壤的nutrition）這種土壤種出來的作物比其他土壤種出的作物更少染病。後來人們為了生產更多農作物，有很多湖面都被chinampa覆蓋。土壤周邊的水道相當於水渠（canal）的效果，除了保證了水源供給以外，其特殊的形狀也可防止爆發在普通湖泊地區形成的旱澇災害，同時也可以被開發出水路交通的作用，Aztec的農產品也被運送到周圍其他地區的market。這種農業支撐起了阿茲特克帝國的繁榮，統治者派重兵駐守來控制這些區域。
阿茲特克的經濟生活以農業為基礎，土地所有制分公有與私有，村社的土地為公共所有，各家的父親分得一片土地，終身耕種，死後交給村社；如果連續兩年不耕種，村社就得收回。貴族的土地為私人所有，由土地所在的村社農民耕種，耕種技術很原始，沒有耕畜，沒有犁杖。使用“掘土棒”——一種裝有石刀片的長柄農具。為了擴大種植面積，增加生產，在湖區採用兩種方式造田：A湖造田；B挖溝造田。人工小島和台地土壤肥沃，一年四季均能種植莊稼和栽培花卉。玉米是主要種植物，其次是瓜類、豆類植物和辣椒。還有生長在缺水乾旱地區的龍舌蘭。
目前chinampa還存在遺蹟但是數量並不客觀，留下來的絕大多數遺蹟都已被開發成了觀光地，科學家們質疑這種旅遊產業帶來的效益是否一定小於其農業效益。
講了農業上的三個問題，假設稱之為ABC三個。
A是家庭就可以完成。
B是灌溉，建設起來工程大，維護起來很費力，是政府介入的，幾個城市還是分別獨立的不影響。
C是既有A的特點又有B的特點(這句話有句子簡化題變成了：C像B一樣建設和維護起來很麻煩需要政府的力量也像A一樣後期可以家庭實現不需要政府的力量）
sophistication = complexity 複雜性
anchored = held in place 用錨繫住
eventually = over time 終於
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