今日主題：Silk Road Transported Goods--and Disease / 絲綢之路運輸的不僅是貨物--還有疾病
洪欣老師推薦：托福聽力最好的課外教材：60-Second Science
康康精選托福會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!
建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。
MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://online1.tingclass.net/voa…/2016/20160803sa_health.mp3
只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：
中英文稿：
For thousands of years, what’s called the Silk Road was a group of land and sea trade routes that connected the Far East with South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and southern Europe. Of course, when humans travel they carry their pathogens with them. So scientists and historians have wondered if the Silk Road was a transmission route not just for goods, but for infectious disease.
千百年以來，絲綢之路由連接遠東、南亞、中東、西歐的海上和陸上路線組成。不言而喻，人們旅行的時候，隨身攜帶的還有病原體。所以，科學家和歷史學家懷疑，絲綢之路運輸的不僅僅是貨物，還有傳染性疾病。
Now we have the first hard evidence of ancient Silk Road travelers spreading their infections. The find comes from a 2,000-year-old latrine that had first been excavated in 1992. The report is in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
現在，我們有了第一個確鑿的證據，證明古代絲綢之路的遊客傳播了自身的疾病。這項結果來自於在1992年發掘的一個有2000年歷史的茅廁。該項研究結果發表在《考古科學：報告》雜誌上。
“So the site is a relay station on the Silk Road in northwest China. It's just to the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, which is a large arid area just to the east of the Taklamakan desert, and not far from the Gobi Desert. So this is a dry part of China.”
“這裡是中國西北部絲綢之路的一個中轉站。其位於塔里木盆地的東端。塔里木盆地這塊廣闊乾旱的地區位於塔克拉瑪幹沙漠的東部，距離戈壁沙漠不遠。是中國的一個乾旱地帶。”
Piers Mitchell, paleopathologist at the University of Cambridge, and one of the study’s authors, along with his student Ivy Yeh and colleagues in China.
皮爾斯•米切爾是劍橋大學的研究古代疾病的病理學家，同時也是該報告的作者之一。他和自己的學生艾薇以及來自中國的同事們一同進行了該項研究。
In the latrine, archaeologists found used hygiene sticks wrapped with cloth. These were used for what you think they were used for.
在挖掘的茅廁裡，考古學家發現了用過的用布包裹的木棍。當然，它的用途呢~，想想就知道啦~
“This excavation was great because the cloth was still preserved and the feces was still adherent to the cloth on some of the sticks. So the archaeologist kept these sticks in the museum. And so my Ph.D. student, Ivy Yeh, who’s first author on the paper, she went out to China took some scrapings from the feces adherent to the cloth. So we were then able to analyze that down the microscope when she brought it back to Cambridge.”
這個發現非常的偉大，因為這些布仍然完整保存，同時糞便還附著在一些棍子的布上。所以，考古學家將這些棍子保存在了博物館。所以，我的博士學生，艾薇，同時也是該論文的第一作者，去了中國刮取了布上一些糞便。這樣，我們就能夠在顯微鏡上進析她帶回劍橋的樣本。
Where they found eggs from parasites—including one from a liver fluke.
他們發現了寄生蟲的卵，還有肝吸蟲的卵。
“And that's the exciting one because that's only found in eastern and southern China and in Korea, where they have marshy areas that have the right snails and the right fish.”
這些發現，讓我們非常的興奮，因為，這些病原體僅存在於中國東部和南部以及韓國，那裡的沼澤地有含有這些病原體的蝸牛和魚類。
The fluke needs snails and fish for its lifecycle, but there were no such snails or fish in this dry region of china. So the unlucky traveler who harbored the parasite had to have transported the disease to that spot.
肝吸蟲需要依靠蝸牛和魚類進行生命迴圈，但是在中國乾旱地區並不存在這些病原體所需要的蝸牛和魚類。所以，攜帶這些病原體的倒楣遊客，將這些疾病帶到了該地區。
“Well firstly it tells us that people were doing very long journeys along the Silk Road and you might think that's obvious. But no one really knew how long people were traveling. Some people may have been trading, only going short distances selling their goods on to the next person. And so the goods might have gone all the way along the Silk Road, but people might not. But we know that some people were doing huge distances….
首先，這告訴我們人們沿著絲綢之路跋涉千里，可能你認為，這是非常明顯的。但是，對於人們跋涉的多遠的路程，無人可知。有些人，可能只需要行進較短的距離，將自己的貨物賣給下一個人。所以，貨物可能經長途跋涉，但是人可就不一定了啊~但是我們知道，有些人的確長途跋涉，不遠萬里~
“Secondly it shows that this was, would be a viable route for the spread of those other infectious diseases like Bubonic plague and leprosy and anthrax that people had previously suggested might have been spread between East Asia and Europe along the Silk Road. Because modern genetic analyses have shown similarities between the strains of one end and the other.”
其次，這項發現告訴我們，之前人們認為黑死病、麻風病和炭疽已經傳播到絲綢之路沿途的東亞以及歐洲。可能存在某種合理路徑來供疾病傳播。因為，現代基因分析表明，不同地區的菌株存在相似性。
Mitchell says there’s much more work to be done to better understand the spread of diseases around the world. Perhaps from analyzing skeletons—or various other kinds of remains—to be found along the Silk Road.
米切爾表示，為了更好的瞭解疾病是如何在世界範圍傳播的，還有很多工作需要去做。可能分析絲綢之路沿途的屍體骨骼——或者各種各樣的其他的殘骸吧！
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