字神帝國英語天地

今日主題：Orangutan Picks Cocktail By Seeing Ingredients / 猩猩選擇飲料也是看原料的呢

洪欣老師推薦：托福聽力最好的課外教材：60-Second Science

康康精選托福會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!

建議方法：

1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)

2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)

3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。

4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。

MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~

http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20161111sa_science.mp3

只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：

中英文稿：

Imagine you had never tasted lemonade. You would still probably assume that lemon juice mixed with sugar tastes better than lemon juice alone. Because you know what lemons taste like, and you know what sugar tastes like.

假如你從未嘗過檸檬水，你或許還認為檸檬汁加上糖比單獨喝檸檬汁要好喝。因為你知道檸檬嘗起來是什麼味道，也知道糖嘗起來是什麼味道。

You can recall those past experiences, and make a prediction about your response to something new. Researchers call the ability to predict our future emotional state "affective forecasting." And some have suggested that the skill is unique to humans. But is it?

你可以回憶過去的經驗，預測一下對於這個新鮮的口味自己會有什麼反應。研究人員將這種預測未來情感狀態的能力稱為“情感預測”。並且部分研究員表示這種能力是人類所特有的。但是真的是這樣嗎?

"We combined different liquids and asked participants, the orangutan and the humans, to predict how such novel liquid combinations taste like, and whether they prefer one or the other." Lund University cognitive scientist Gabriela-Alina Sauciuc.

“我們將不同的液體混合，並讓參與的猩猩和人類來預測這樣新型的液體嘗起來味道如何，並預測會偏愛哪種飲料。”Gabriela-Alina Sauciuc是隆德大學認知科學家

She and her colleagues offered their cocktails to a 21-year-old male Sumatran orangutan named Naong, who lives in Sweden's Furuvik Zoo. They used four ingredients—cherry juice, rhubarb juice, lemon juice, and diluted apple cider vinegar—which they combined into six unfamiliar mixtures. Altogether, that made for 24 possible comparisons of one drink against another.

她和自己的同事將製作的混合液體給一個叫做Naong，居住在瑞典富魯維克動物園的雄性蘇門達臘猩猩品嘗。她們用了4種原料——櫻桃汁,大黃汁,檸檬汁,稀釋的蘋果醋——將這些原料混合到6種不常見的混合物中。總共製成率 24種不同口味的飲料。

Naong watched the researchers mix his drinks. Then he got to choose from the

two set before him. And in 21 of the 24 trials, Naong matched the researchers’ predictions: that his choice would be based on his relative fondness for the separate ingredients.

Naong看著研究 人員將自己的飲料混合。然後它從自己面前的兩排飲料中進行選擇。在24種選擇中，有21種Naong的選擇和研究人員的預測一致：它的選擇都是基於自己比較喜歡的原料。

For example, since he liked rhubarb juice better than lemon juice, he also preferred rhubarb-cherry juice to lemon-cherry juice—despite having had no experience with either.

例如，比起檸檬汁而言，它更喜歡大黃汁，而比其檸檬-草莓汁而言，它更喜歡大黃-櫻桃汁——儘管它從未嘗過這兩款飲料。

"We were impressed with Naong's ability to be so consistent in his choices."

對於Naong如此堅持自己的喜愛，我們非常的吃驚。

From a statistical perspective, the orangutan data was indistinguishable from human data. Both species seemed to make consistent choices about future events even if they had no prior experience to guide their decision-making.

從統計資料來看，大猩猩的資料和人類的資料不同。但是，在沒有任何先前的經驗來指導自己做決定時，這兩個物種對於未來的選擇卻是一致的。

"An ability which was previously thought to be uniquely human presumably has evolved earlier, so that it's shared with orangutans and presumably with chimpanzees as well."

之前人類認為這樣預測能力是人類所特有的，但是，猩猩也具有這種能力，可能黑猩猩也具有這樣能力呢

It’s a single study with a single orangutan. But it may be that we will soon mark yet another skill off the list of things that were once thought to be the sole domain of our species. Perhaps what's truly unique about us is our ongoing quest to find something unique about us.

這是針對一頭猩猩所做的單獨實驗。但是這可能標誌不久後，之前所認為的人類所獨有的技能又將減少一項。可能我們人類真正獨一無二的能力是我們可以繼續尋找自身獨特的事物。