今日主題：Is English changing? / 英語在發生變化嗎？
凱妃老師&派老師共同推薦：雅思聽力最好的課外教材：BBC
康康精選雅思會考的主題，堅持每天精聽一定會進步的哦!!
建議方法：
1. 先聽兩三遍 (不看文稿)
2. 再一句一句聽寫 (每句都要聽寫數遍，直到寫出85%以上的字)
3. 最後check文稿，看哪聽不出來，單字沒背過，還是發音不熟。
4. 堅持天天聽，就能每天進步哦。
#BBC六分鐘英語
MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：喜歡的同學，幫忙推或按讚哦~~
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/1053.mp3
只有音檔怎夠，聽不懂地方，不用怕，康康幫你準備好中英文稿了：
中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m Alice…
大家好，歡迎收聽六分鐘英語，我是愛麗絲。
And I’m Neil. So Alice, can you think of an example of how the English we speak is changing?
我是尼爾。愛麗絲，你能想出一個例子可以證明我們說的英語在變化？
Yes, I can – teenagers saying like all the time…
可以啊，青少年總是說like，
Oh, that’s, like, really like annoying, like?
like, 就是很煩人，like？
Well, the subject of today’s show is how and why the English language is changing. And teenagers definitely have their own code– including text speak when they’re on the internet or using their phones. Fomo, bae, plos – do you have any idea what those terms mean, Neil?
今天節目的主題是英語如何變化以及為何變化。青少年有他們自己的話語包括他們在網路上或使用手機發資訊時有自己的語言。例如 Fomo, bae, plos，你知道這些術語的意思嗎？
I’ve got no idea what you’re talking about, Alice. They‘re pretty baffling – and that means hard to understand. But that’s the idea, isn’t it? We oldies aren’t supposed to understand!
我不知道你在說啥。太讓人令人困惑了，也就是說很難理解。就是這樣。像我們這種老年人就理解不了。
Yes, exactly! Apparently, plos means parents looking over shoulder – which proves your point! Text speak is a lot to do with inventing cool new terms – and these change quickly. In a year, or even six months time, words that were once popular, have disappeared completely.
沒錯！顯然，plos是指父母在你身後看著你，就證明了你的觀點！文本語言有很多新發明出來的新詞語，這些術語變化很快。一年，甚至六個月的時間，那些曾經風靡網路的詞就完全消失不見了。
OK, I have a quiz question forming in my mind, Alice– so I hope you’re feeling up to the challenge, Alice. Can you tell me, what kinds of words are slow to change? Is it...a) nouns? b) pronouns? Or c) adjectives?
好了，我腦子裡有一個問題要問你。希望你可以應對挑戰。你能告訴我，哪類詞類變化的比較慢？a) 名詞？b) 代詞？或者c) 形容詞？
I think it’s a) nouns. The way we name things probably doesn’t change that quickly.
我覺得是a) 名詞。我們對事物的命名不會迅速地改變。
We shall find out if you are right or wrong later on in the show. But let’s think about English grammar for a minute, and what changes are occurring here.
節目的最後我們再看你回答得是否正確。但是我們先來看一下英語語法中有哪些變化。
I noticed you said shall there, Neil.And to my ear, that sounds pretty old fashioned.
我注意到你說的shall，在我聽來，這聽上去有些過時了。
And you’re very right, Alice. The modal verb shall is on the way out – meaning it’s disappearing. Why do you think that is?
你說的沒錯。情態動詞shall即將過時，意思是正在消失。你覺得這是為什麼呢？
Well, perhaps it’s because will sounds more natural these days. Let’s listen to linguist Bas Aarts, talking to writer and presenter, Michael Rosen on the BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth, for his explanation.
也許是因為will聽上去更自然。我們聽聽語言學家Bas Aarts的觀點，他在BBC廣播4台《口頭相傳》上與作家兼主持人的Michael Rosen解釋了原因。
Why would we lose shall? I mean, if especially as we hold it in the interrogative. We say, you know, Shall we go swimming?
為什麼我們不說 shall？尤其是在疑問句中。如，我們說，我們要去游泳嗎?
Well, because it’s in competition with will. If you have two words that more or less express the same meaning, one of the two is going to be pushed out of the language. And in this case, it’s shall.
因為有競爭者 will。如果有兩個詞可以表示相同的意思，其中一個就會被淘汰。在這裡就是shall被淘汰。
Bas Aarts there. And interrogative means a question. So it’s not just in nature that we get survival of the fittest– you know, the struggle for life – it happens in language too. Similar words are competing with each other, and some lose while others win out – or succeed after a fight. Do you know of any other modal verbs that are on their way out, Alice?
上述是Bas Aarts的看法。 interrogative是指疑問句。不僅自然界中有適者生存的法則，語言中也有這條原則。類似的詞彙會彼此競爭，在競爭中有的會勝出有的會被淘汰。你還知道其他逐漸消失的情態動詞嗎？
Yes – must is declining rapidly.
恩，must的使用也在快速下降。
Why’s that?
為什麼呢？
Must sounds authoritarian, and people are choosing to express obligation– or having a duty to do something – in different ways.
Must聽上去有些獨裁主義，人們選擇用不同的方式表達指責，或者說有義務做某事。
OK, authoritarian means demanding that people obey you. For example: Alice, you must move on to the next point, now!
獨裁主義是指要求別人遵循自己的命令。例如：愛麗絲，你必須快說下一個重點！立刻！
Oh, you scared me a bit there, Neil!
天，你有點嚇到我了，尼爾！
Exactly. I can see why people are shying away from – or avoiding –must.It sounds nicer to soften obligation by saying things like, You might want to move on to the next point now, Alice.
確實。所以可以看出人們為什麼回避說must。如果這麼說就會聽上去柔和一些，愛麗絲，也許現在你想進行下一個話題。
OK, then, I shall. Let’s talk about tenses. Progressive tenses – formed from the verb be and the suffix –ing – are usually used for ongoing situations, for example, I‘m doing the show with Neil at the moment. But its use has been increasing rapidly. Let’s listen to Michael Rosen and Bas Aarts again talking about this.
好的。我們來談談時態。進行時由be動詞和動詞ing形式構成，通常用於正在發生的場合，例如，我現在在和尼爾做節目。但是這種時態的使用在快速增加。我們再聽聽 Michael Rosen和Bas Aarts 繼續談論這點。
It started increasing dramatically in the 19th century and has continued to rise in the present day.
進行時的使用率在十九世紀時顯著增加，如今也呈上升趨勢。
I think that‘s a cue for me to say, I‘m loving it, is that right?
對我來說，說我就喜歡它有一種暗示意味，是嗎？
Well, that is one of the constructions that is coming in, I mean, I sometimes call it the Big Mac progressive because of course McDonald’s use that.
這是一種造句，我有時會稱它為巨無霸進行時，因為麥當勞會用這種說法。
In this segment of the BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth, Michael Rosen quotes the progressive form I‘m loving it– a slogan used by an American fast-food chain in its advertising campaign.
上述是BBC廣播4台《口頭相傳》節目的片段，Michael Rosen 引用了進行時我就喜歡，這是美國速食連鎖店的廣告語。
The verb love is a stative verb. It expresses a state of being – as opposed to doing– and is traditionally used in the simple form, for example, I love it. But these days, people are using stative verbs in the progressive more and more.
Love是一個靜態動詞。它表達一種狀態，而非動作。Love傳統上適用於一般時，I love it（我愛它）。但如今，人們越來越多的使用靜態動詞的進行時。
I’m hearing what you’re saying, Alice! Now, I think it’s time for the answer to today’s quiz question. I asked you: What kinds of words are slow to change? Is it… a) nouns, b) pronouns or c) adjectives?
我在聽你在講什麼。我覺得是時候公佈今天問題的答案啦。我問你：哪類詞變化較慢？ a) 名詞， b)代詞還是 c) 形容詞？
I said a) nouns.
我選的是 a) 名詞。
And you were wrong, Alice! According to Professor Mark Pagel, evolutionary biologist at Reading University in the UK, pronouns like I and you and we evolve slowly – a thousand years ago we would be using similar or sometimes identical sounds. Similarly, number words evolve very slowly – our ancestors were using related sounds a thousand or perhaps even two thousand years ago. Whereas nouns and adjectives get replaced quite rapidly– and in five hundred years or so we’ll probably be using different words to the ones we use now.
你答錯了。根據英國瑞丁大學的演化生物學家Mark Pagel，像我、你、我們這樣的代詞變化較慢。一千年前我們就用類似的單詞或相似的發音。同樣的，數字演化得也慢。我們的祖先在一千年前甚至是兩千年前就用類似發音表示數字。而名詞和形容詞更新換代的速度非常快五百年後，我們使用的單詞可能和現在截然不同。
Well, I got that completely wrong then! Who knew that one, two, three would have such staying power?
我大錯特錯了！誰知道一二三這種詞有這麼強的持久力。
I suppose numbers are pretty fundamental to our day-to-day lives – sort of part of who we are.
我覺得數字是我們日常生活的基礎，是我們的一部分。
OK, let’s hear the - hopefully - more permanent words we learned today.
讓我們聽聽今天學到的暫時用著的單詞吧。
There were:
今天學到的單詞有：
baffling 令人困惑的
on the way out 過時的
interrogative 疑問句
win out 勝出
obligation 義務
authoritarian 獨裁主義
shying away from 退出
progressive 漸進的
stative 靜態的
Well, that’s the end of today’s 6 Minute English. To recap, we’re enjoying the progressive tense.
今天的六分鐘英語就到這裡。再重述一下今天的重點，人們喜歡用進行時態。
And we‘re loving will and should, but avoiding shall and must. Don’t forget to join us again soon!
人們喜歡用will和 should，避免用 shall和 must。不要忘了下期再會！
Bye! 再見！
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